CANCER

DEFINISI

1.      Cancer is a disease that attacks the basic life process of the cell, altering the cell genome (the total genetic complement of the cell) and leading to wild and spreading growth of the cancereous cells.

The cause of the altered genome is mutation of one or  more genes ; or  mutation of a large segment of a DNA strand containing  many genes or loss of large segments of chromosomes (Guyton, 1981).

2.      Cancer is not a single disease with one cause ; rather it is a group  of distinct desease with different causes, manifestations, treatments and prognosis (Brunner).

EPIDEMIOLOGI

Ø  å pasien kanker ­ di Amerika, Eropa, Asia

Ø  Kulit hitam > kulit putih

Ø  Vegetarian < non vegetarian

Ø  Faktor penyebab utama : Lingkungan : sosial

§  Fisik : radiasi, perlukaan/lecet

§  Kimia : makanan, industri, farmasi, rokok

§  Genetik : payudara, uterus

§  Virus : umumnya pada binatang

Karakteristik dari neoplasma

Benigna

Malignant

1.      Grow Slowly 2.      Usually encapsuled 3.      Grow by expandion; do not infiltrate surrounding tissues 4.      Do not spread but remain localized 5.      Do not tend to recur  when removed  surgically 6.      Cell usually closely resemble those of normal tissue from which they arise 7.      Produce minimal tissue destruction 8.      Do not produce typical cahexia 9.      Do not cause death to host except when located in areas where they produce pressure or obstruction to vital organ

1.      Grow rapidly 2.      Rarely encapsuled 3.      Infiltrate surrounding tissues; tumor process extended out in all direction; poorly differentiated from normal tissue 4.      Spread via lymph stream and/or blood and set up secondary tumor in distant sites 5.      Frequently tend to recur after surgical removal as a result of infiltration into surrounding tissue 6.      Cell usually do not resemble those of normal tissue from which they are arise 7.      Produce extensive tissue destruction as result of infiltration and metastatic lession 8.      Produce typical cancer cachexia-anemia, weakness, loss weight and so on 9.      Always cause death unless removed surgically before they metastasize

·         From Bouchard, R., and Owens, N. F.; Nursing care of the cancer patient, 3^rd ed., St. Louis,  1976, The C.V. Mosby Co.

Types of tumors

Type of cell or tissue	Benign tumor	Malignant tumor
Epithelium Skin, outer layers Skin, pigmented layer (melanoblast) Glandular epithelium	Papilloma Nevus Adenoma	Squamous cell carcinoma Malignant melanoma Adenocarcinoma
Muscle	Myoma	Myosarcoma
Connective tissue Fibroblast Cartilage Bone Fatty tissue	Fibroma Chondroma Osteoma Lipoma	Fibrosarcoma Chondrosarcoma Osteosarcoma Liposarcoma
Endothelial tissue Blood vessels Lymph vessels	Hemangioma Lymphangioma	Hemangiomasarcoma Lymphangiosarcoma
Nerve tissue Neuroglia Medullary epithelium	Astrocytoma	Glioblastoma Medulloblastoma
Lymphoid and hematopoetic tissue Lymphosit Myelocytes		Lymphosarcoma Lymphatic leukemia Multiple myeloma Myeloid leukemia

JENIS/LOKASI KANKER

1.      Payudara

2.      Kolon rektum

3.      Laring

4.      Paru

5.      Leukemia

6.      Pankreas

7.      Prostat

8.      Gaster